DO YOU KNOW WHAT IS SMART GEL OR POLYMER GEL..?

Almost every material electronic or non electronic, toys, dress, cosmetics etc contain polymer gel or smart gel. It was discovered by a Japanese physicist Toyoichi Tanaka. Smart gels are a class of materials that expand or contract when triggered by tiny changes in temperature, light, a solvent or other stimulus.They have the ability to reversibly swell or shrink up to 1000 times in volume due to small changes in their environment (pH, temperature,electric field). Smart gel is a material the gels in response to a specific physical property.

Micro sized gel fibres contract in milliseconds, while thick polymer layers require minutes to react(up to 2 hours or even days). They have high strength and can deliver sizeable stress(approximately equal to that of human muscles).

Polymer gels can be used to clean up pollutants or oil spills. Even in cosmetics, gels could hold and then release key ingredients like fragrance in response skin pH. In medicine gels can be used as soft valves or act as artificial muscles

RAMBUTAN FRUIT

R A M B U T A N     F R U I T

RAMBUTAN FRUIT

RAMBUTAN TREE

RIPENED RAMBUTAN (RED) FRUIT

HALF PEELED RAMBUTAN FRUIT

This is fruit which is sweet in nature and liked my the people's of all the ages.  The RAMBUTAN is a medium sized tropical tree in the family Sapindaceae. The name also refers to the edible fruit produced by this tree. The rambutan is native to the Malay Indonesian region and other regions of tropical Southeast Asia.It is also closely related to several other edible tropical fruits including the lychee, longan and mamonillo.

People sometimes have a doubt that "is this rambutan good for us ?" The simple answer for this is YES.

The main benefits are:-

• They have high fibre content.  It helps to aids the digestive system in food metabolism, also preventing constipation. It is also low in calories, which helps promote weight lossand restrain sudden hunger pangs.

• Contains Phosphorus. Since it is a good source of Phosphorus , which helps in bone formation and maintenance of your bone and teeth.

• Contains Gallic Acid. It contains high amount of Gallic acid, which  functions as a free radical scavenger. This compound helps prevent cancer and oxidative damage.

• Kills intestinal Parasites. according to traditional Chinese medicine, It can help expel parasites in the gut because of its anti-fungal properties.

• Antiseptic Qualities. This fruit is famous for its antiseptic properties that help the body fight off infections. This fruit also contain high amount of antioxidants, which makes it both antimicrobial and anti carcinogenic.

Actually this fruits are eaten raw, sometimes freshly picked from the tree. Just remove the skin by lightly pinching the fruit until the peel breaks in the middle. Discard the peel and eat around the seed in the middle.You can use knife to separate the flesh from the seed. In personal i also like this fruit. 😊

TELEPHONE

T E L E P H O N E




DEFINITION:

 "An apparatus for reproducing  sound, especially that of human voice(speech) at a great distance, by means of electricity; by conducting of transmitting and receiving instruments connected by a line or wire which conveys the electric current."

HISTORY:

We all heard that great inventions are made from some kinds of accidents, similarly the telephone also discovered by an accident. The telephone arrived as a practical instrument on March 10, 1876 as an outgrowth of experiments on a device to send multiple telegraph signals over a single wire. While conducting experiments Alexander Graham Bell spilled acids on his trousers. He reacted by shouting "Mr. Watson, come here, I want you." Thomas A Watson heard these words clearly carried by electricity, on a receiving set in another room. As a result on this accidental discovery rapid improvement was made on that simple instrument, being tested on that day in 1876. The concept has grown into an industry that provides over 100 millions telephone sets, profits of several billion dollars a year and employment for more than a million people.

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A STANDARD TELEPHONE SET:

a standard telephone set consists of a transmitter, a receiver, an electrical network for equalisation, associated circuitry to control side tone levels and to regulate signal power and necessary signaling circuit.In short a telephone is an apparatus that creates an exact likeness of sound waves with an electric current.

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A STANDARD TELEPHONE SET

The essential components are:-

RINGER: The purpose of the ringer is to alert the destination party about the incoming calls.Ringer circuit is placed directly across the the tip and ring of the local loop.

ON/OFF HOOK CIRCUIT: The on/off hook circuit switch placed across the tip and ring. The switch is mechanically connected to the telephone handset so that when the telephone is idle(on hook), the switch is open. When the telephone is in use (off hook), the switch is closed completing an electrical path through the microphone between tip and ring of the local loop.

EQUALIZER CIRCUIT: They are basically audio filters. They are used to regulate the amplitude and frequency response of the voice signals. This circuit consists of passive components like resistors , capacitors, and so on.

SPEAKER: The speaker is the receiver for the telephone. The speaker converts electrical signals received from the local loop to  acoustical signals(sound waves). It receives the electrical signals from local loop. Speaker is typically enclosed in the handset of  the telephone along with microphone.

MICROPHONE: It is the transmitter for the telephone. The microphone converts sound waves into electrical signals that are transmitted into the telephone network through the local subscriber loop.

HYBRID NETWORK: The hybrid network in a telephone set is a special balanced transformer usded to convert a two wire circuit into a four wire circuit and vice versa, thus enabling full duplex operation over a two wire circuit.

DIALLING  CIRCUIT: This circuit enables the subscriber to output the signals representing digits and this enables the caller to enter the destination telephone number.



BASIC TELEPHONE CALL PROCEDURES:

Simplified diagram illustration how two two telephone sets are interconnected through a central office dial switch

STEPS:-

1. Calling station  goes off hook.
2. After detecting a dc current flow on the loop, the switching machine returns an audible dial tone to the calling station , acknowledging that the caller has the asses to the switching machine.
3. The caller dials the destination telephone number using one of the two methods.
4. When the switching machine detects the first dialed number, it removes the dial tone from the loop.
5. Switch interprets the telephone number and then locates the local loop for the destination telephone number.
6. Before ringing the destination telephone, the switching machine tests the destination loop dc current to see if it is idle or in use. At the same time the switching machine locates a signal path through the switch between the local loops.
7. If the destination is in use then a busy signal is send back to calling station. If destination telephone is not in use then a calling signal is send to calling station.
8. When the destination answers the telephone. it completes the loop, causing dc current to flop.
9. The switch recognise the dc current as the station answering the telephone , at the same time the switch removes the ringing and ring back signals and completes the path through the switch, allowing the calling and called parties to begin heir conversation.
10. When either end goes on hook, the switching machine detects an open circuit on that loop and then drops the connections through the switch.

BASIC FUNCTIONS OF TELEPHONE SET:

1. Notify the subscriber when there is an incoming call with a audible signal and sometimes with a flashing light. These signals are enough to make people want to answer the telephone as soon as possible.
2. Provide a signal to the telephone network verifying when the incoming call has been acknowledged and answered.
3. Convert speech energy into electrical energy in the transmitter and vice versa in the receiver.
4. Incorporate some method of inputting and sending destination  phone numbers from the telephone set to central office switch over the local loop. This is accomplished using either rotary dialers or touch tone pads. 
5. Regulates the amplitude of the speech signal to prevent interference(crosstalk).
6. Incorporate some means of notifying the telephone office when a subscriber wish  to place an outgoing call. Subscribers cannot dial out until they receive  a dial tone from the switching machine.
7. Ensure that a small amount of the transmit signal is fed back to the speaker, enabling talkers to hear themselves speaking. This feedback signal is sometimes called side tone or talkback.
8. Provide an open circuit to local loop when the telephone is not in use and a closed circuit to local loop when the telephone is in use.
9. Provide a means of transmitting and receiving cell progress signals between the central office switch and the subscriber, such as on and off hook, busy, ringing, dial pulses, touch tone signals and dial tone.

WHY DC VOLTAGE IS USED RATHER THAT AC VOLTAGE ?

There are mainly three reasons they are:-

1. To prevent power supply hum.
2. To allow service to continue in the event of power outage.
3. The people were affraid of ac. The -48volts was selected to minimise the electrolytic corrosion on the loop wire

BOUGAINVILLEA FLOWER

B O U G A I N V I L L E A   

BOUGAINVILLEA

This flower is known as BOUGAINVILLEA. IT is a genus of thorny ornamental vines, bushes, and trees with flower-like spring leaves near its flowers. There are 4 to 18 species in the genus.  They are native plants of South America from Brazil west to Peru and south to southern Argentina. In our places this flower is known as "PAPER ROSE", because this flower is looks like its made up of paper, also  the bracts are thin and papery. In many other countries its known in other names. The  vine species grow anywhere from 1 to 12 m (3 to 40 ft.) tall, scrambling over other plants with their spiky thorns.  These flowers are available in lot of colour varieties. Bougainvilleas are popular ornamental plants in most areas with warm climates. its also heard that the sap of the Bougainvillea can cause serious skin rashes, similar to toxicodendron species.

TRIP TO PERIYAR, ABHAYARANYAM MINI ZOO, PANIYELI PORU WATERFALLS

Periyar is the one of the longest and largest river in kerala , which is a state of INDIA. This river provide drinking water facilities to several major towns. Periyar plays  a significant role in Kerala's  economy. It helps to generate significant proportion of Kerala's electrical power  at Idukki dam. River water is also used for irrigation, domestic uses etc. It is rich in fishery. This river is also known as the" LIFELINE OF KERALA"

ENTRANCE TO PERIYAR RIVER AT MALAYATTOOR

These photos are taken during a trip to these places, Due lack of rain in this year also due to sunny days the amount of water in the river is very low. During rainy season it's very nice to see it's flow also sit near to it and enjoy it's cool breeze. It's a wonderful experience.

our next destination was ABHAYARANYAM  MINI ZOO Kaprikkad, Most of the animals from Kodanad elephant centre except the elephants are recently rehabilitated to Kaprikkad, as a part of Ecotourism project named as Abhayaranyam, which is spread across 200 acres of natural forest. We can mainly see here are Spotted deers, Sambar deers and young elephants.

LAKE VIEW AT ABHAYARANYAM  MINI ZOO

Since it's a big area forest we have to walk more area to see these things, as I mentioned earlier it was a sunny day, sun was to hot and bright and we were visiting this place at afternoon so it was little bit difficult at this place to cover this area also are no shops in this area. We can see that they are taking good care of animals here.

Our next destination was  PANIYELI PORU WATERFALLS. here also due to lack of water we couldn't  get the perfect view of the waterfalls, but we have enjoyed a lot in this area. To reach this place we have to walk almost 1km from car parking area through forest, it's quite interesting. This is also a dangerous place too, during rainy season water will be flowing over the rocks so we can't see the big holes between the rocks, while seeing these holes we think that it's small hole but it may really deep. At this place we can really enjoy the beauty of nature. There are lot of bamboo trees which provide cool shades.It's also a nice place to enjoy during the rainy season.