LighT

LIGHT

LIGHT IS A FORM OF ENERGY. It is a type of electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays  or radio waves. All electromagnetic radiation is produced by electric charges ; it is caused by the effects of oscillating electric and magnetic fields as they travel through space. Electromagnetic radiation is considered to have both wave and particle properties . It can be thought of as a wave of electricity and magnetism. In that case, the difference between various forms of radiations in their wavelength. Radiation can also be said to consist of particles, or packets of energy, called photons.The difference between light and -ray, for instance, is the amount of energy that each photon carries. The complete range of radiations is referred to as the electromagnetic spectrum, extending from low energy,long wave length  radio waves to high energy, short wave length gamma rays. Light is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible. White light from the sun is made up of all the visible wave lengths of radiation, which can be seen when it is separated by using a prism. Light like  all forms of electromagnetic radiation, can be reflected (bounced back)   and refracted (bent). Different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are produced in different ways. Sometimes visible light and  infra-red radiation - is generated by the vibrating  particles of warm or hot objects. The emission of light in this way is called incandescence, a phenomenon in which electrons gain and loss energy with in atoms.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCES

DiesEL TRaiNs

DIESEL TRAINS

RUDOLF DIESEL FIRST DEMONSTRATED the diesel engine in Germany in 1898, but is was not until the 1940s that diesel locomotives were successfully established on both passenger and freight services, in the US. Early diesel locomotives like the "union Pacific" were more expensive to build than steam locomotives, but were more efficient and cheaper to operate, especially where oil was plentiful. One feature of diesel engines is that the power output cannot be coupled directly to the wheels. To convert the mechanical  energy produced by the diesel engines, a transmission system is needed. Almost all disel locomotives have electric transmissions and are known as "diesel-electric" locomotives. The diesel engine  works by drawing air into the cylinders and compressing it to increase its temperature; a small quantity of diesel fuel is then injected into it. The  resulting combustion drives the generator (more recently an alternator) to produce electricity, Which is fed to electric motors connected to the wheels. Diesel-electric locomotives are essentially electric locomotives that carry their own power plants, and are used world wide today. The "Deltic" diesel electric locomotive, the classic express steam locomotives and ran at speed up to 160 kph (100 mph)

FRONT VIEW OF "UNION PACIFIC"
 DIESEL-ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE 1950s

PROTOTYPE "DELTIC" DIESEL-ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE 1956

DIESEL ENGINE OF BRITISH RAIL CLASS 20
DIESEL-ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE

MusICaL PiLLarS

MUSICAL PILLARS



Temples often have some pillars portraying human figures playing musical instruments, but seldom do these pillars themselves  produce music. At the time Nellaiappar temple in Tamil Nadu , gentle taps on a cluster of pillars carved out of a single piece of rock produce the basic notes of Indian classical music, viz. Sa,Re,Ga,Ma,Pa,Dha,Ni,Sa. Vibrations of these pillars depend on elasticity of the stone used. Its density and shape .


                          Musical pillars are categorized into three types: the first  is called the Shruti pillar, as it can produce the basic notes-the "swaras'. The second type is the Gana Thoongal, which generates the basic tunes that make up the "ragas". The third variety is the Laya Thoongal pillars  that produce "taal"(beats) when tapped. The pillars at the Nellaiappar temple are a combination of the Shruti and Laya types.

                          
                           Archaeologists date the Nelliappar temple to the 7th century and claim it was built by successive rulers of the Pandyan dynasty.

                             The musical pillars of nelliappar and several other temples in southern India like those at Hampi  (Picture), KanyaKumari   and Thiruvananthapuram are unique to the country and have no parallel in any other part of world.

WooDWiNd INsTRuMEntS

WOODWIND INSTRUMENTS

WOODWIND INSTRUMENTS ARE wind instruments that are generally made of wood, although some are made of metal or plastic. The sound of a woodwind instrument is produced  by the vibration of air in hollow tube. The air is made to vibrate by blowing  across a blow hole-as in the flute and piccolo or by blowing through a single reed as in the clarinet and saxophone or a double reed-as in the bassoon, cor anglais, and oboe. The pitch of a  woodwind instrument can be changed by opening or closing holes cut into the tube of the instrument.

                                                                     

              

EaRLy SignS oF LiFE

EaRLy SignS oF LiFE

                                              FOR ALMOST A THOUSAND MILLION YEARS after its formation, there was no known life on earth. The first simple , sea-dwelling organic structures appeared about 3,400 years ago ; they may have form when certain chemical molecules jointed together. Prokaryotoe, single celled micro-organisms such as blue-green algae, were able to photosynthesize, and  thus produce oxygen. A thousand millions years later , sufficient oxygen had built in  the earth's atmosphere to allow multicellular organisms to proliferate in the Precambrian seas. Soft-bodied  jelly fish, corals and sea worms flourished about 700 million years ago. Trilobites, the first animals with hard body frames , developed during the Cambrian period (570-510 million years ago). How ever it  was not until the beginning   of  the Devonian period (409-363 million years ago) that early land plants, such as Asteroxylon, formed water-retaining cuticle, which ended their dependence on an aquatic environment. About 363 million years ago, the first  amphibians crawled onto the land, although they still returned to the water to lay their soft eggs. Not until the emergence of the first reptiles would animals appear that were independent of water in this way.

MINERALS

MINERALS

A MINERAL IS A NATURALLY OCCURRING  SUBSTANCE that has a characteristic chemical compositions and specific physical properties, such as habit and streak  .A rock,by comparison , is an aggregate of minerals and need not have a specific chemical composition . Minerals are made up of elements (substance that cannot be broken down chemically in to simpler substances), each of which can be represented by a chemical symbol. Minerals can be divided in to two main groups: native elements and compounds. Native elements are made up a pure element. Example include gold(chemical symbol Au), silver (Ag), copper (Cu) and carbon (C) ; carbon occurs as a native element in two forms, diamond and graphite. Compounds are combinations of two or more elements. For example, sulphides are compounds of sulphur (S) and one or more other elements, such  as lead (Pb) in the mineral galena, or antimonv  (Sb) in the mineral stibnite. 

HELP THE POOR, GOD WILL ALWAYS BLESS YOU

HELP THE POOR , GOD WILL ALWAYS BLESS YOU

Hi guys,

      We know that most of the people in this world enjoy their luxurious life in each second. They use to spent more money  even for a simple thing. While people live in this luxurious life style, most  of the people don't care or thing about the people Who suffer each second of their life.We have to help them as we can.We have to pray for them. Any thing may happen to our life at any time so be thank full to god and also try to help the poor people as you can.........